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Item A THEORETICAL STUDY OF METAL OXIDES(KINNAIRE COLLEGE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-22) ZAINAB NASIRCrystallographic characteristics of different materials such as ZrO2 and š¼-Fe2O3 was theoretically analyzed. Modeling is the modern field of physics. Modeling comes in action for such conditions when it is either difficult or impossible to perform experiments and achieve particular conditions. Instead of directly performing experiments and taking measurements modeling is used as replacement. The goal of theoretical modelling is to make a particular aspect or an entire behavior of experimental evidences easier to grasp, characterize, simulate and visualize with eventually being able to forecast such behavior through the use of changing parameters. Transition metal oxide-based nanomaterials such as ZnO, Co3O4, RuO2, Fe2O3, ZrO2, MnO2, IrO2, V2O5, WO3 and In2O3 have attracted a lot of attention due to their capacity to interact with atoms, molecules and ions not just at their active surfaces but also throughout the material. In this research, metal oxide-based nanomaterials polymorphs ZrO2 and š¼-Fe2O3 crystal structures models were created such as wireframe, polyhedral, stick and space filling for enhanced perception by using VESTA software. VESTA tool is used to visualize fractional coordinates for š¼-Fe2O3 and ZrO2. By using VESTA software powder diffraction pattern (XRD) were also formed and gives most intense lattice planes (111) and (104) for ZrO2 and š¼-Fe2O3 respectively. Calculated bond length of zirconium Zr with oxygen O1 and O2 is 2.1070 Ć and 2.2634 Ć sequentially while on the other hand bond length between Iron Fe and oxygen O is 1.5400 Ć . The bond length is calculated in angstrom. These transition metal oxide-based nanomaterials are used in the field of security, energy and environmentItem THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ZINC DOPED COBALT FERRITES(KINNAIRE COLLEGE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-22) NOOR-UL-AINFerrite is a magnetic ceramic-like substance that can be used in a variety of electronic devices. Ferrites are polycrystalline and they are made up of many microscopic crystals they are tough, brittle, iron-rich, and often grey and black in color. They are made up of an iron oxide chemical combination and one or more other metals. Nanostructured cubic spinel ferrites with finely controlled nanostructures open up the possibility of developing nanomaterials with specialized characteristics for specific uses. In this research work the structural and magnetic properties of Zn doped Co ferrites were studied and compared. Firstly, the Zn doped Co ferrites prepared by sol-gel method were studied. X-ray diffraction of Co1- xZnxFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, confirms the single phase cubic structure. Magnetic properties were investigated using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The hysteresis curve of the samples reveals a considerable increase in magnetic properties. Also, the Zn-doped cobalt-ferrites with compositions of CoFe2xZnxO4 x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, were synthesized by auto combustion method. The XRD analysis of the prepared powders showed irregular shaped grains morphology, as well as small impurity phases. These ferrites are used in electronic industry in order to make components and it is also used in security systemsItem EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BATTERIES ON BATTERY SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES(KINNAIRE COLLEGE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-22) MARIA ASFARItem COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALUMINIUM DOPED ZINC OXIDE FOR ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLE(KINNAIRD COLLEGE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-22) MAHA JAVEDTechnology has a significant impact on the electronics industry, causing it to become more creative and innovative in its production. Organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs, have transformed modern technology. We have studied that Aluminum doped zinc oxide tin coatings or thin films were produced by sputtering at various radio frequency power densities under argon gas pressure of 0.15 Pascal (Pa) to improve parameters at all for utilization for both in bottom emitting and transparent organic light emitting diodes. Therefore, the films have a wurtzite type hexagonal arrangement with 0002 preferential orientations and an optical transparency of more than 80 percent in the visible range, however the energy bandgap varies. Sputtering at a high radio frequency power density of 2.47 Wcm-2 produces Aluminium doped zinc oxide films with low resistivity and high work function, which are suitable for anodes in bottom emitting organic light emitting diodes. Al- doped ZnO films developed at a low radio frequency power density of 0.31 Wcm-2 , on the other hand, relate to a low work function with somewhat greater electrical resistivity and are therefore suitable for cathode in transparent organic LEDs. Hence, the equivalent performance of organic light emitting diodes made with Al-doped Zinc oxide and Indium tin oxide anodes confirms Aluminium doped zinc oxide applicability as an alternative electrode. We have studied that sol-gel method was used to create graded patterns of aluminum-doped zinc oxide or the AZO multilayered thin coating or thinner films on quartz glass substrate. To minimize stress, different Aluminium mol percent doped Zinc oxide graded topologies of multilayered thin films were developed. The tension between the layers was minimized by using graded multilayered thin films. X-ray diffraction abbreviated as XRD and an Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer have been used to explore and analyze the graded constructions of multilayered Aluminium doped zinc oxide thin coatings or thin films. As a result, multilayered graded thin films of the thin coatings may be generated with less stress then crystallized or stabilized all along the c-axis. Thus, the optical transmittance of the films is about 94.8 percent at 400 nanometers to 800 vi nanometers wavelength and the energy band-gap is approximately 3.27 electron volts. The sol-gel method has important implications for creating trustworthy aluminium doped zinc oxide multilayer nanostructures or the thin film coatings with minimal strain-stress for device applications such as OLEDs. The sol-gel method was considered to be the most promising and appropriate method for the synthesis of Al-doped ZnO for device applications such as OLEDs