BS Thesis/ Reports 2023

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A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT STATUS OF SOIL POLLUTION IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS AND URBAN AREA OF DISTRICT KASUR.
(KINNAIRE COLLEGE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-12) ASUMA RAZA
The current knowledge of the soil pollution in Kasur an urban area of Pakistan is discussed with special reference to heavy metals. Irregular increase in this urban community has started showing some concerns in recent years that has become the major concern for the pedologist and is acting as a barrier for agricultural activities in that area. The soil of urban area has been investigated and it turn out to be a contaminated soil. This study will show the comparison between the soil quality of an urban area and a rural area. The selected rural areas are from the vicinity of District Kasur. As the urban soil has been contaminated with heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, nickel, and chromium such pollution in soil is the result of tanneries and rapid urbanization. The above mentioned metals are high in urban area as compared to rural areas. The more the far a rural area is from urban the better is the quality of a soil. The samples will be collected from Kasur city and four villages ( Maan , shaikpur Kuhna , Mahlem Kalan and sultan shahwala). The villages chosen are approximately 15 to 20 km away from Kasur and falls in the vicinity of Ganda Singh boarder. Through the sampling assessment variation in the metal content between these areas was evaluated. The farmers of rural areas are unaware of the necessity of soils qualitative analysis which is why this research is based on such comparison. The level of chromium was also tested from the selected samples. The highest and alarming was found in city sample and the least was found in the village sample. The purpose of this study and sampling was to highlight the fact that urbanization may cause concentration of high-level metals pollutant in its adjoining rural areas. The high concentration of heavy metals in rural soil was not found
A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON UNDERSTANDING FEAR AND APPREHENSIONS EXPERIENCED BY WOMEN WITH MISCARRIAGES
(0021-06-12) AIMAN ZAHID
ABSTRACT Pregnancy is an important life experience, and the loss of a pregnancy can have negative psychological consequences. Despite advances in our understanding of grieving following perinatal loss, there has been relatively little research particularly addressing bereavement following miscarriages. The goal of this study was to learn more about a group of Pakistani women's miscarriage experience. Semi-structured interviews with 3 women who had miscarriages, were used to use an interpretive phenomenology technique. In depth interviews and stories helped to gain a better understanding on the care that women received in the hospital. The data was analysed and interpreted using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Women's miscarriage experiences are characterised by a loss of hope. Three themes were explored in this study: 1) Dealing with the loss of hope, 2) regaining emotional equilibrium, and 3) recognising the need for intervention. Miscarriage is an inevitable event that has to be addressed right away. According to the findings, women gain from support from their husband, family, friends, and health care providers during and after a miscarriage. This study emphasizes the problems that women face as a result of miscarriage. Health practitioners must provide greater in-depth information and empathic treatment to women. The need of better understanding the emotional affects, behaviors, and coping techniques that women find to be significant in the field of social work is important because of the widespread nature of miscarriage. Professionals in the medical field must be trained to provide emotionally sympathetic treatment to these women.
A REVIEW OF MENDELIAN/NON-MENDELIAN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS COMMONLY REPORTED FROM PAKISTANI POPULATION
(Department of Biotechnology, KCW Lahore., 2022-06-16) Shanzeh Tahir
INTRODUCTION: Neurological disorders (NDs) are broad spectrum nervous system disorders with variable severity. Most of neurological disorders are genetically heterogeneous with overlapping clinical features making diagnosis challenging. NDs usually remain enclosed in Pakistan due to lack of proper health facilities, insufficient resources, illitracy, and associated stigmatization. A small scaled cross-sectional general population based survey, and meta-analysis, was conducted on an arbitrarily selected sample from Lahore and other urban areas of Pakistan, to analyze and interpret prevalence of these disorders such as; depression, migraine, schizophrenia, epilepsy, stroke, dementia, ADHD, autism. This study also aims to report majorly reported novel genes found in previous studies about the frequently present neurological disorders. OBJECTIVES: This review highlights the prevalence of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, novel genes reported in consanguineous families, and their mode of inheritance; monogenic/ Mendelian and polygenic/non-Mendelian inheritance reported in the Pakistani population since last ten years, and to provoke the need for epidemiological data for better findings. The survey and meta-analysis depicting which age groups are more likely suffering from these disorders and the public opinion about it. It was found out that most prevalent ND among Pakistani population was depression among young people frequently present in females. METHODS: Studies reviewed were all held in between last ten years 2012-2022. The data extracted from these studies for different neurological research is compiled to obtain accurate and efficient extrapolations. Different databases and search engines were used to retrieve the data which included schihub, google scholar, web of science, NCBI. All figures were made through Biorender. An online small scale survey was conducted with the help of Google forms, from general population to speculate the prevalence of neurological disorders in urban areas of Pakistan from 110 different 10 households, the study included total of 153 people. Meta-analysis was conducted on results obtained from the survey by using statistical software IBM-SPSS. RESULTS: It was found that the affected individuals mostly belonged to the age group of 15-30 were females mostly suffering from depression and were in non consanguineous marriage or were unmarried, but getting easily stressed. Alongside this study also reports 41 novel genes of neurological degenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders among Pakistani population extracted from last ten years study. CONCLUSIONS: Pakistan being a developing country has very scarce information reported for neurological disorders, these disorders are increasing day by day and mental health is affected of not only the patient but also of the ones surrounding him. It is the need of the hour to spread awareness and do more strategic work and studies. The government of Pakistan needs to promote genetic counselling, testing and campaigns to educate people about consanguineous marriages and its risk factors
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF GENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
(Department of biotechnology, KCW Lahore., 2022-06-16) Azka Abid
Background: Cardiovascular disorder is the leading causality of death around the world. Cardiovascular disorders have multiple environmental and genetic risk factors contributing towards different types of CVD. This study aimed to investigate most prevalent type of CVD among Pakistani population. Methods: Total 50 clinical reports were collected from patients by visiting different private and public health institutes in Lahore, Pakistan. The thorough literature review was performed by using different databases including Google scholar and PubMed to analyze different types of cardiovascular diseases. SPSS software version 16.0 was used to analyze the results. Results: Our results showed that Rheumatic heart disease is the most usual type of heart disease in Pakistan (34.0%) whereas; Left ventricular systolic function (LVF) and Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) are the least reported cases (2.0%) Conclusion: Our findings suggests that broad clinical and genetic spectrum of cardiovascular disorders in Pakistan.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF METAL OXIDES
(KINNAIRE COLLEGE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-22) ZAINAB NASIR
Crystallographic characteristics of different materials such as ZrO2 and 𝛼-Fe2O3 was theoretically analyzed. Modeling is the modern field of physics. Modeling comes in action for such conditions when it is either difficult or impossible to perform experiments and achieve particular conditions. Instead of directly performing experiments and taking measurements modeling is used as replacement. The goal of theoretical modelling is to make a particular aspect or an entire behavior of experimental evidences easier to grasp, characterize, simulate and visualize with eventually being able to forecast such behavior through the use of changing parameters. Transition metal oxide-based nanomaterials such as ZnO, Co3O4, RuO2, Fe2O3, ZrO2, MnO2, IrO2, V2O5, WO3 and In2O3 have attracted a lot of attention due to their capacity to interact with atoms, molecules and ions not just at their active surfaces but also throughout the material. In this research, metal oxide-based nanomaterials polymorphs ZrO2 and 𝛼-Fe2O3 crystal structures models were created such as wireframe, polyhedral, stick and space filling for enhanced perception by using VESTA software. VESTA tool is used to visualize fractional coordinates for 𝛼-Fe2O3 and ZrO2. By using VESTA software powder diffraction pattern (XRD) were also formed and gives most intense lattice planes (111) and (104) for ZrO2 and 𝛼-Fe2O3 respectively. Calculated bond length of zirconium Zr with oxygen O1 and O2 is 2.1070 Å and 2.2634 Å sequentially while on the other hand bond length between Iron Fe and oxygen O is 1.5400 Å. The bond length is calculated in angstrom. These transition metal oxide-based nanomaterials are used in the field of security, energy and environment
A THRILLER FILM ON ANGER MANAGEMENT ISSUE
(DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA STUDIES KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2022-12-05) JANNAT AWAN & SEHAR IJAZ
Feelings of extreme anger that cannot be controlled can be seen among children as well as adults, these aggression issues can be a cause of anxiety, depression, an addiction or any other mental health issues. Anger issues are often neglected and thought as a part of normal behavior whereas it is not, if such type of outburst occurs and is not monitored or the individual is unable to control it then it can lead to dangerous situations, in some cases it can also lead to criminal convictions. So it is necessary to monitor your child’s behavioral patterns if something unusual happens and parents should be concerned about it, So that they can engage the child with anger management activities and therapies to treat it from the root. Preventative measures should be taken at the initial stage so that the problem can be controlled as early as possible. our society is experiencing a difficult time where women are not safe on the roads, rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, torture, kidnapping etc. have become mainstream subjects of this era, keeping that in mind it should be considered important to have a check and balance on your child so that he/she doesn’t grows up as a harmful individual for the society. If people with such abnormal behavioral patterns are encouraged to get themselves treated then it can bring a huge change in the society, this way women will be able to feel safe and step out of the house at any hour confidently. It is necessary to protect your own self and the people around, Spreading awareness regarding such issues must be considered important.
AB-INITIO STUDY OF SUPERIONIC CONDUCTORS
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-05-17) MARZIA BATOOL
The use of halide materials as solid electrolytes has recently attained gigantic research interest due to their ability to operate at high temperature. Under over present knowledge novel halide electrolytes, such as LiYCl4, LiSmCl4, and LiAlCl4, exhibit high Li-ionic conductivities, approaching 10-3 S/cm, with low activation energies. A considerable experimental as well as theoretical efforts have been made in the identification of optimal combination of Li-M-X, (M: metal, X: halide) that are suitable at high temperature. Whereas, being a novel promising electrolyte material, LiAlCl4, there are not too many literatures available for the electronic, structural characteristics analysis of LiAlCl4. However, these characteristics decides the suitable battery material such as the materials with wide bandgap of ~ 6 eV are highly desirable. In this work, we employ Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations to conduct a study of Li-M-X with M= Al and X =Cl. Electronic, structural properties and phase stability of LiAlCl4 is found. The values of the bandgap 5.63 eV and 5.2 eV are calculated by the exchange correlation functionals, Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) and the Local Density Approximation (LDA) for LiAlCl4, respectively. Results indicate that the GGA-PBE calculation gives a more desirable value closer to the experimental band gap. These results agree with the true nature of GGA-PBE method. On the other hand, experimental synthesis of electrolytes is time consuming and requires a lengthy process to achieve a perfect solid electrolyte. Computational modeling minimizes cost, time and complements experiments by providing unique theoretical insights to predict the state-of-the-art solid-state electrolytes, which have been rarely reported. Our calculations determined that LiAlCl4 shows promising potential as a battery electrolyte with a band gap of 5.63 eV, indicating the suitability of LiAlCl4 as a superionic conductor
ALEXITHYMIA, MOBILE PHONE ADDICTION AND QUALITY OF SLEEP AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
(KINNAIRD COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT, 0023-06-18) FATIMA SAJJAD
The present study examined the relationship of alexithymia, mobile phone addiction and quality of sleep among university students. Using correlational research design, a sample of 300 male and female university students (F= 180; M=120) was approached through purposive sampling strategy. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Mobile Phone Addiction Scale- Short Version and Sleep Quality Scale were used for the assessment. The statistical software SPSS was used for data analysis on the dataset collected for the study. Reliability analysis, Correlational analysis, Regression analysis, and Independent t-test was done. The results showed that alexithymia and mobile phone addiction were positively correlated with the quality of sleep in the sample. Smartphone addiction and alexithymia emerged as significant positive predictor quality of sleep among university students. However, females have reported high alexithymia and have reduced quality of sleep than males while gender differences are not significant in terms of mobile phone addiction. These results highlight the significance of impact of alexithymia and mobile phone addiction on the quality of sleep in the students of university. These findings have clear implication as it is beneficial to consider alexithymia and smartphone addiction when addressing issues on the quality of sleep.
AN ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY OF HAZARDOUS WORK ENVIRONMENT IN PAKISTAN
(KINNAIRE COLLEGE LAW DEPARTMENT, 0022-05-17) AIMAN NOMAN
Child labour or bonded labour is the most common form of modern slavery in brick kilns and glass bangle making industries of Pakistan. Over the years, it has been strongly linked to socio-cultural aspects of the society. This type of complex child labour allows the child as well as their families to associate themselves physically as well as economically so that they become a part of this vicious cycle from which they are unable to break-free. The reason for this never-ending cycle mainly lies in the socio-economic factors which force a society to undertake such bondage. To eliminate such practises our country needs to devise a strategy which includes the economic uplifting, educational training and social stability of such families. This research report will help in understanding the extent to which the child labour has impregnated in such hazardous work environments mainly in brick kiln and glass bangle making industry and its adverse effects on mental and physical health of the children. Moreover, this paper will also emphasize on the international and national legal regimes which have helped in abolishing this threat to our industries and our bonded children over the span of years.
An assesment of muncipal solid waste management.
(KINNAIRE COLLEGE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT, 0022-06-12) Maliha Pervaiz
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE KIDNEY, MUSCLE TISSUE AND BLOOD OF INDIAN BULLFROG SPECIES (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) COLLECTED FROM SIALKOT AND GUJRANWALA DISTRICTS
(DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-06-15) BISMA NOOR, AHMAD TOBA HABIB & LARAIB FATIMA
Amphibians include frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, which are vertebrate tetrapods. Frogs are known as "indicator species" because they are the first to be affected by environmental degradation. They are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and can provide scientists with significant information on how an ecosystem functions. The research was focused on analysis of heavy metals in the kidney, muscle tissue and blood in Indian Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) specie collected from the selected areas of Gujranwala and Sialkot Districts. Their significance in regard to the role they play as pollution indicators was observed. Samples from both study areas were collected by using sweep nets. Frogs were dissected humanely and organ specimens were preserved in 10% buffered Formalin Solution. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and acid digested with 1HNO3: 0.3HClO4 on hot plate. For heavy metal detection in the samples of kidney and muscle tissues of frogs were burnt to ashes in the muffle furnace at 600°C (1hour for kidney and 2hours for muscle tissue) respectively and then acid digested with 1HNO3: 1H2SO4. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to analyze the digested samples after filtering them to remove any solid particles. The results obtained were compared with standard stock solution values. The analyzed values were then matched with the standard permissible limits recommended by WHO. Experimental results further showed that all the studied metals Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Manganese, and Zinc were present within the permissible limits. The values of heavy metals [Nickel, Zinc, Manganese and Copper] were negligible in muscle tissue, kidney and blood samples and the concentrations of cadmium, chromium and cobalt were notable but within the WHO permissible limits. It indicates that quality of land is better and water quality is above average in both of the study areas. Though some concentrations of heavy metals are naturally present in the groundwater and the tap water sources, the prevalence of these heavy metals could be due to the long-term overuse of ground water as a source of irrigation therefore, the industrial effluent waste and sewage must have leached into vi the soil and contaminated the groundwater in the nearby fields from where frogs were collected. This research would be helpful in providing baseline information on pollution status as well as defining the heavy metals' point sources in the study sites.
ANALYZING THE TRENDS OF NUCLEARIZATION IN EAST ASIA UNDER POSTURE OPTIMIZATION THEORY: CASE STUDY OF JAPAN’S PURSUIT OF NUCLEAR DETERRENCE (2012-2022)
(DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 2023-05-18) RUBAB ALI & ZAINAB HASEEB
The emerging global landscapes of nuclear policies are an important phenomenon of the 21st century that had sparked different strategic questions. A much similar question was posed by Vipin Narang who in his Theory of Posture Optimization attempted to fill some of the gaps that explain why states acquire particular nuclear postures. With the discussion about strategies of nuclear proliferation and postulates of posture optimization, this research paper discusses the trends of nuclearization in the East Asian Region and the typology of nuclear postures of the regional states. The threat of continuous introduction of modernized militaristic and nuclear technologies in the region has created strategic instability, resulting in the pursuit of more secure second-strike capability by the countries, and forming the heart of conventional warfighting and deterrence strategies. This paper mainly focuses on the implications this regional nuclearization is leaving on the Japanese efforts of optimizing its nuclear posture, with the country left struggling with a parallel pursuit of disarmament and nuclear deterrence. In this struggle, the extra-regional alliances namely, with the United States and its fluctuating extended deterrence policy of nuclear umbrella are turning the tide of Japan’s security optimism. In this enigmatic approach there might be certain possible regional implications that Japan has to face, further confining its policy choices
ANTECEDENT OF BRAND LOYALTY: A CASE OF PAKISTAN AIRLINE INDUSTRY
(DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-05-15) ESHA ASIF & LAIBA ZULFIQAR
Nowadays, when customers make their choices on any company’s products or services, they take into account their perceived past experience such as product/service quality, packages, attributes, etc. Brand Experience is an important variable in building brand loyalty and customer satisfaction. Another variable based on brand experience is brand trust. For the business to compete in a cutthroat market, retaining and maintaining customer loyalty to the brand loyalty is crucial (Heskett, 2002). This study would contribute and give assistance to the Pakistan airline industry in emerging future strategies on how to enhance brand loyalty. This research aims to find out the antecedents of brand loyalty in the Pakistan airline industry. Previous studies on brand relationships had a tendency to ignore the mediators between brand experience and brand loyalty. Hence the primary aim of this research is to examine the mediating role of customer satisfaction and brand trust on the brand experience and brand loyalty relationship. In order to collect data from airline passengers for this study, convenience sampling and a quantitative research approach have been selected. For this purpose, a total of 297 valid questionnaires were collected from customers who had experienced the Pakistan Airlines services. The SPSS21 program was used in the analysis of the data. The findings of this research recommended that customer satisfaction positively and significantly mediates the relationship between brand experience and brand loyalty in the Pakistan airline industry. Besides, brand trust was found to has a positive and significant mediating effect on the relationship between brand experience and brand loyalty in the Pakistan airline industry
ANTECEDENTS OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: THE ROLE OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES
(DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-06-13) Mahreen Durrani, Mariam Ejaz Samma, Ruhaab Manzar
Employee turnover has significant implications for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment, training, and loss of experienced employees. This study aims to explore the antecedents of employee turnover, specifically focusing on the role of promotional strategies. The research investigates the factors that contribute to employee turnover, such as dissatisfaction, lack of support, emotional burnout, biased promotions, inadequate training, and poor communication within the organizational hierarchy. The study also examines the impact of promotion-focused strategies on reducing turnover by enhancing employee motivation, productivity, and loyalty. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to understand the relationship between turnover and promotional strategies in the context of call centers. By analyzing the antecedents of turnover intention, this research provides valuable insights for organizations to address the underlying factors that contribute to turnover and implement effective strategies to reduce turnover rates. Data was collected from 295 call center employees from various private call centers. The research design of this study was non- experimental, quantitative and correlational in nature. The findings validated several hypotheses, including the positive link between emotional labor strategies and emotional burnout, the association between burnout and employee incivility, and the positive relationship between employee incivility and turnover intention. Nevertheless, the findings confirmed the positive relationship between regulatory focus strategies and service performance, the negative association between service performance and turnover intention, and the positive link between customer incivility and emotional burnout.
ANTECEDENTS OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: THE ROLE OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES.
(0023) Ayesha Malik
Employee turnover has significant implications for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment, training, and loss of experienced employees. Thisstudy aims to explore the antecedents of employee turnover, specifically focusing on the role of promotional strategies. The research investigates the factors that contribute to employee turnover, such as dissatisfaction, lack of support, emotional burnout, biased promotions, inadequate training, and poor communication within the organizational hierarchy. The study also examines the impact of promotion-focused strategies on reducing turnover by enhancing employee motivation, productivity, and loyalty. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to understand the relationship between turnover and promotional strategies in the context of call centers. By analyzing the antecedents of turnover intention, this research provides valuable insights for organizations to address the underlying factors that contribute to turnover and implement effective strategies to reduce turnover rates. Data was collected from 295 call center employees from various private call centers. The research design of this study was non- experimental, quantitative and correlational in nature. The findings validated several hypotheses, including the positive link between emotional labor strategies and emotional burnout, the association between burnout and employee incivility, and the positive relationship between employee incivility and turnover intention. Nevertheless, the findings confirmed the positive relationship between regulatory focus strategies and service performance, the negative association between service performance and turnover intention, and the positive link between customer incivility and emotional burnout
ANTICANCER AND SKIN REPAIR POTENTIAL OF GUAR GUM
(DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-06-15) Nadia Khan
Guar gum is one of the medicinal plants that has been used for various diseases treatments. The purpose of this study is to assess the guar gum plant's capacity to wound healing process and prevent cancer in acid-burned rats. The wound healing capacity of Guar gum extract at different doses (50 and 100 mg/ml) was estimated by using different biochemical experiments. Wound index measurement was done to study wound healing ability of guar gum powder aqueous extract and results were significant indicating the wound healing ability of plant. The maximum potential of healing was observed at 100 mg/ml dose that was (2.2±0.24). MTT assay calculations were used to determine the anticancer effectiveness. The angiogenesis was assessed using the ELISA procedure and antibodies against VEGF (2.6±0.052) and Annexin (1.1±0.033). Biochemical analysis shows that wound become better after treatment with guar gum powder. The high dose level of guar gum plant powder treatment in the current study suggests that it has both anticancer and wound-healing properties
ANTIFUNGAL AND INJURY REGENERATION POTENTIAL OF GREEN TEA
(DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE,, 2023-06-15) DAMNA TARIQ
Green tea has beneficial effects on human health including anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the wound healing and antifungal ability of green tea plants in acid burn rats and Candida albican. The antifungal activities were done by ditch plate method. The antifungal potential of green tea extract on Candida albican established remarkably positive results by demonstrating the inhibitory zone at a level of 40 ul. Biochemical assays such as antioxidant tests were conducted. ELISA protocol was used to evaluate the angiogenesis and the antibodies used were Annexin-V and VEGF. Camellia Sinensis plant extract showed remarkable wound healing capacity with elevated VEGF levels at a dosage of 100 mg/ml and decreases apoptosis level by using the same concentration. The ability of green tea extract to treat wounds was also proven by the histopathological examination. The wound index was measured to study the wound healing power of green tea extract and the results were significant. The study depicts that wound healing was observed after green tea plant treatment.
ASSESSING THE HYDRO POLITICS OF THE LEVANT: THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCARCITY THEORY AND NASCENT WATER CONFLICT S (2010-2020)
(DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 2023-05-18) MARIYAM REHMAN & JANNAT NASEEB
This research report aims to analyze the current water shortage on the political conflicts of Jordan River Basin’s riparian states in the Levant. The regional sub-complex, which is, the Levant has been the epicenter of many protracted civil wars, and sectarian proxy wars, and the presence of Jordan River Basin and its exponentially growing water scarcity has managed to be a key determining factor in worsening the disputes of the region. It intends to explore the impact of the water disputes motivated by scarcity on the worsening of the political conflicts which had shaped the regional political landscape of the Levant in the time frame of 2010 to 2020. Since, the Levant has the major river basin known as the Jordan River Basin, so the inter-state relations among the riparian states of the basin have notably been shaped by the shortage of water scarcity throwing the ripple effect in the entire regional sub-complex i.e. Levant. The aim is achieved by analyzing the political rivalries of the riparian states of Jordan and the non-riparian states of the Levant. it further focuses on the hydro-political relations among the trans boundary states amid the life-threatening water scarcity. Moreover, the thesis aims to explore the impact of water shortage on the trans boundary relations of the riparian sates of the Jordan River basin. Additionally, the thesis looks forward to analyses the consequences of the water shortage on the prevailing conflicts. The methodology adopted in pursuance of the aims of the thesis is based on qualitative research supported by several primary research sources. The methods adopted has sufficed to reach the result that the water-related problems need collective negotiations and table talks with the proper international water law standard’s implementation specially curated in Blue Peace Movement in Middle East. Conclusively, the contemporary political and hydro-political disputes of the Jordan River Basin and the Levant have turned into protracted conflicts partly due to lack of negotiations or collective efforts, some negligence regarding the established International Water Laws and role of the non-state actors and the variety of cultural and religious differences. These factors have contributed to justify that the water shortage does escalate the potential conflict into an unfortunate reality.
ATTACHMENT STYLES, COPING STRATEGIES, AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
(0021-06-12) SYEDA KHADEEJA IMRAN
This study aimed at examining the relationship between attachment styles, coping strategies, and perceived stress in university students. It also aimed to understand the role of attachment styles and coping strategies as predictors of perceived stress in university students. A sample of undergraduate university students (N=200) between the ages of 19 and 24 (M = 1.35, SD = .48) was taken from HEC-recognized universities in Lahore. All participants completed Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), Brief-Cope (Carver, 1997), and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1994). Results showed a significant positive relationship between anxiety attachment and perceived stress. It also stated that coping strategies such as self-distraction, denial, emotional support, instrumental support, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame also have a positive correlation with perceived stress. The results also stated that close attachment was a predictor of perceived stress. Coping strategies such as religion, acceptance, active coping, and behavioral disengagement also predicted perceived stress among university students. Significant gender differences were there in close and dependent attachment styles among university students. Males had a more close and dependent attachment style than females.
ATTACHMENT STYLES, EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE AND PROBLEMATIC PORNOGRAPHY VIEWING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
(KINNAIRD COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT, 0023-05-18) AYESHA NOOR
Problematic pornography viewing (PPV) refers to the addictive nature of pornography, which include the consumption of porn in inappropriate settings (such as the workplace), the interpersonal problems associated with porn, and the dysfunctional use of porn to manage one's emotions (Grubbs et al., 2018). This study aims to find out correlates and predictors of PPV as well as gender differences in PPV among undergraduate university students. Correlational research design was used and by purposive sampling strategy data was collected from 160 undergraduate university students (Mage= 21.09, SD= 1.48) from different private universities of Lahore. The scales which were used in this study are Revised Adult Attachment scale-Close Relationship Version (Collins, 1996), Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (Gámez et al., 2014) and Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (Bőthe et al., 2017). Results showed significant positive relationship of insecure attachment styles and experiential avoidance with PPV. Regression analysis found that attachment anxiety turned out to be a significant positive predictor of PPV. The independent t-test analysis found that males were more likely to experience experiential avoidance and engage in PPV behavior compared to females. The findings of the study would contribute to indigenous literature and be helpful for mental health practitioners treating individuals suffering from PPV behavior

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